[산업기계설비기술사 2차 예상질문 및 답안] Standard/Code/Specification의 차이점

[예상질문] Standard, Code, Specification 의 차이점을 쓰시오.

[답안]

네. 답변드리겠습니다.

먼저  Standard는 Technical Definition과 Guideline의 Set이며, 설계자와 제조자에게 How to의 지시를 의미합니다.

이는 제품, 서비스, 제조에 모두 적용됩니다. 

Standard는 제품의 품질과 안전성 확보에 공통적으로 사용되며, 대표적으로 ISO, ASTM이 있습니다.

만약 Standard가 법적 사유 등으로 강제성을 갖게 된다면 이는 Code라고 부를 수 있습니다. Code는 정부기관에 의해 강제성을 가지며, 만약 Code가 법적 강제성을 가지지 않는다면 비즈니스에서 통용되는 툴로 사용되거나, 설계 등의 가이드라인으로 사용할 수 있습니다.

Code중 대표적인 Code는  ASME 압력용기 설계 Code입니다.

Specification는 주로 Contract에서 Buyer에 의해서 결정되는 재료, 구성용품, 서비스를 의미하며, 이는 Code나 Standard Requirement에 우선합니다. 

• • Examples- Product specification, Shell DEP & EIL Specification

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBnlOWMhovE

What is Standard?  

Standard can define as a set of technical definitions and guidelines – or simply a “how to” instructions for designers and manufacturers. It gives all the necessary requirements for the product, service, and operation.

A designer will use the standard to design the product, and a manufacturer will use the standard for the manufacturing of the product.

Standard serves as a common language for defining quality and establishing safety criteria for the product. ASTM, API, ISO are some examples of the standard. ASTM has more than 12000 standards they cover all most everything. If you visit ASTM website, they said that they have a standard form toys to aircraft.

Why standard required?

let’s take an example of a mobile phone charger. If you are in the USA and traveling to India, you need an adapter to use your charger. This is because both the country follows the different standard for power sockets. But your USB cables will work anywhere in the world because it is manufactured as per globally accepted standard.

In the case of process industry, piping components are sourced from around the world; we want all these material, irrespective of their country of origin should fit perfectly with each other at the site. Standard help to achieve these;

• By establishing common engineering or technical requirements for products, practices, methods or operations that manufacturer has to follow while manufacturing piping components.
• Standard Built confidence about product quality in the users and
• With standardization cost of production will reduce as you can produce in bulk for global markets.

What is Code?

When governmental bodies adopt the standard and become legally enforceable, or when it has been incorporated into a business contract, the standard will become a code.

ASME Codes are legally enforceable in many US state. Whereas, in the other part of the world they are not legally enforceable but such countries have their own similar codes.

Please note that requirements mentioned in the code will only be mandatory requirements if

• The Code is adopted as law by a regulatory body
• It is a part of the business contract

Otherwise, Code will serve as generally accepted guidelines for design, fabrication, construction, and installation,

However, all most all process facility follows various American code and Standard in addition to their national standard.

• Examples of the codes are ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, BS, DIN, etc.

Why Code required?

• Code Provides a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety & Quality for manufactured, fabricated or constructed goods.
• Codes also refer out to standards or specifications for the specific details on additional requirements that are not specified in the Code

What is Specification?

Specifications provide specific/additional requirements for the materials, components or services that are beyond the code or standard requirements

• For Example, if you want A106 Gr B pipe with Maximum carbon of 0.23% against standard requirements of 0.3% Max, you have to specify your requirement in your specification or Purchase Order.
• Specification is generated by private companies to address additional requirements applicable to a specific product or application

Why Specification required?

• It allows purchaser to include special requirements as per design and service condition
• It allows customizing your product.
• Please note requirement in specification are Must meet requirements
  • Examples- Product specification, Shell DEP & EIL Specification

Difference Between Code, Standard and Specification in Piping.

CODE	STANDARD	SPECIFICATION

Enforceable by Law or by contract	Globally accepted “how to instruction”	Must meet requirements by Contracts
Written by government or government approved body	Written by public organization or by government body	Written by private companies
Guidelines for design, fabrication, construction and installation	Set of technical definitions and guidelines for manufacturing	Additional requirements, beyond code & standard
ASME, BS, IS, DIN	ASTM, SAE, ISO	Shell DEP, EIL Spec.

Difference Between Code, Standard and Specification in Piping.

Code	Standard	Specification
Guidelines for design, fabrication, construction and installation	Set of technical definitions and guidelines for manufacturing	Additional requirements, beyond code & standard
ASME, BS, IS, DIN	ASTM, SAE, ISO	Shell DEP, EIL Spec.